Jojoba: Ecology and Development in The Sonoran Desert (ARID LANDS) baixar o livro de graça

Jojoba Fever, the only ailment known to be transmitted by telephone, swept across almost all continents during the late 1970’s and 1980’s. Scientist, entrepreneurs, farmers, investors, environmentalist and educators alike were swept up in a tsunami of activity spawned by the mystique and industrial potential of this unassuming shrub occurring naturally over millions of acres of wild populations in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona and Northern Mexico, Southern and Baja California environmentalist Wray, Harrison and Titus touted the ability of jojoba to “Save the Whale” while scientist found an almost unlimited opportunity for grants and publications that would further the knowledge base of the species. Entrepreneurs rushed to capitalize on industrial opportunities presented by the unique composition of the wax, protein and trace components of the seed. Others formed joint venture projects with investors and farmers to create commercial plantations or trial plantings in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, India, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Yemen and in the USA. Almost any region of the world with soil and climate conditions mirroring the habitat of wild jojoba had at least a trial plot of jojoba planted before the end of the 1980’s. Sadly, most of these trials failed despite extraordinary personal efforts and expenditures of millions.
As the fever spread and temperatures escalated, there were actually a few voices of reason issuing warnings of caution, albeit very few were listening. Prof. Hogan from the Dept. of Plant Sciences at the University of Arizona urged restraint when he told anyone within earshot that, “No trained Plant Scientist will suggest that a plant can be grown economically or competitively under the same conditions where the plant grows wild”.
A postmortem would conclude that too much jojoba was planted too soon in too many wrong places and with genetic material that would prove to yield too little harvestable seed to make the venture economical. Although it was a steep and expensive learning curve, all was not in vain.
Early publicity, such as the 1978 New West article, “The Supreme Bean”, heightened consumer awareness and an increasing commercial supply of jojoba seed and wax from those agricultural projects which did manage to succeed served as a bridge for the jojoba industry to transition beyond just a trendy clique. Supply chains solidified and became more reliable, industrial use of the oil increased and new data continued to define the benefits of the wax and confirm the unique niche it would eventually occupy as one of the most stable and efficacious natural emollient and intermediates available for the Cosmetic and Personal Care industry. The present-day jojoba industry is a robust and stable enterprise providing manufacturers with acommodity oil and specialty derivatives measured in thousands of tons per year as Professor Ayerza’s manuscript goes to press. Jojoba is unique in that it is one of only a few crops to have been domesticated in the 19th and 20th Centuries. However, the pathway to commercial stability and success has encountered significant difficulties.
Pioneers in any new industry are often identified by the arrows in their backsides. Not all survive, but those who do usually possess a combination of talents and determination that are often unrecognized until well after they fade from active involvement. I would be remiss if I failed to mention some of those early “Jojoba Witnesses”, many of whom are no longer with us.

James H. Brown, Ret.
Floratech
Jojoba Growers & Processors Inc.
Chandler, Arizona, USA

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