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Cryogenics is the branch of physics and engineering that deals with the production and behavior of materials at extremely low temperatures, typically below 150 Kelvin (−123°C or −190°F). This field encompasses the study of how substances behave when cooled to near absolute zero, where conventional physics often breaks down and quantum mechanical effects become dominant. The term "cryogenic" derives from the Greek words "cryo" (cold) and "genic" (producing). Modern cryogenics emerged in the late 19th century following the liquefaction of gases, particularly the work of scientists like James Dewar with liquid hydrogen and Heike Kamerlingh Onnes with liquid helium. Today, cryogenic technology is fundamental to numerous advanced technological applications spanning healthcare, aerospace, quantum computing, and fundamental physics research.
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